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Photovoltaic (PV) cells transform sunlight into electricity through semi-conducting materials--most often silicon. Though the basic technology has been around for more than a century, it wasn't until the Space Race of the 1960s, followed by the oil shocks of the 1970s, that industry interest and technological capabilities fell in step.
While still a pricey option compared to grid-based power, PV is a bargain in off-grid situations. Indeed, the bulk of the $3.6 billion PV-systems market is in developing countries where grids may never be built. But even where the short-term economics may be iffy, PV makes a strong environmental statement.
For the builders of Four Times Square--a super energy-efficient skyscraper in New York City--PV is not only an affirmation of alternative power, but part of the architecture.
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