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NOVEMBER 5, 2007
Saving Energy By Fighting Friction Here's the rub: Resistance alone may burn as much as one-third of the world's power Have you ever tried drinking a milkshake through a skinny straw? It can leave your cheeks burning for a piddling payoff. Replace it with a fatter straw, and the cheeks barely have to work at all. Why such a difference? Friction. The liquid rubs the straw. And that same force slows the traffic in all kinds of pipes throughout our economy. Strange as it may sound, the energy implications of skinny pipes are huge: More than one-quarter of the electricity consumed by American industry powers pumps and fans that push along stubborn gases and liquids. So the need for shorter, squatter tubing has never been greater. Fat pipes are part of a barely recognized industry that may soon become much more prominent: friction fighting. Estimates indicate that overcoming resistance accounts for as much as one-third of the energy we consume on the planet. Now, with oil topping $80 per barrel, the cost of each rub, chafe, or blast of headwind is soaring. But such costs also bring opportunities for those with high-tech fixes. The fight against friction is moving from garages and fix-it shops right into strategy sessions in the corner office. It's driving innovation across the global economy. New nanotechnologies, for example, combat the rubbing and clinging of objects in motion with ingenious thin coatings and ball bearings barely the size of molecules. Chemical giants such as DuPont (DD ) and BASF (BASFY ), leaders in the $40 billion lubrication market, are developing new polymers and low-friction plastics for car engines and airplanes. And design shops, like Rumsey Engineers of Oakland, Calif., are installing--you guessed it--fat pipes. The company recently used them to double the efficiency of the air-conditioning system at the Oakland Museum. "We cut friction in half," says company President Peter H. Rumsey. LOOKING TO NATURE Designers in the battle against friction draw lessons from the streamlined forms of plants and animals. One team at Mercedes-Benz (DAI ), for example, has modeled a concept car on the smooth-swimming form of a boxfish. The "Bionic" car slices neatly through strong winds on the open highway. Better aerodynamics leads to cars that get 70 miles per gallon of gas, according to Mercedes, 30% more than a standard design. The opportunities for savings are even greater in trucks. When they're rolling at highway speeds, they burn two-thirds of their fuel just to overcome the drag of wind. Researchers at Georgia Tech report that streamlining truck design could reduce this drag by 12%, saving 1.2 billion gallons of fuel per year in the U.S. The nanotech players focus mostly on new substances. ApNano Materials makes chemical spheres called fullerenes, each one so small that several billion scarcely fill a single teaspoon. When blended into traditional motor oils, these balls leave a smooth film several atoms thick on the metal they touch. Tests by Israel's technical institute Technion show that they can reduce friction by as much as 50%. ApNano founder Menachem Genut says his fullerenes will be available as an additive in name-brand fuel oil within a year. At DuPont's giant Experimental Station in Wilmington, Del., friction is an age-old adversary. (Teflon, first developed to fight this problem on frying pans, later turned up as a lubricant in jet engines.) Now the drive for fuel efficiency is forging new markets for Dupont's most exotic products--including one relic from the Cold War. In the late 1950s, researchers at DuPont commercialized a molecule with astounding properties. It held up even in furnace-like conditions where lesser lubricants broke apart. They called it Krytox. The only trouble: Since it was produced from calcium fluoride, a mineral that's expensive to mine, Krytox cost too much to make. DuPont shelved it. But in 1967, a buyer finally surfaced: Following a deadly fire during a launchpad test, NASA needed a nonflammable lubricant that could withstand tremendous heat. Krytox is still pricey. In some forms it can cost more than $1,000 a pound. But its market is growing in double digits, and far beyond NASA. Why? Automakers face a host of challenges that demand better lubrication. First, they're under pressure to build hotter engines, which are far more fuel-efficient than cooler ones, but harder to lubricate. At the same time, today's engines are lighter and smaller, which leaves less room for the flow of cooling air. These sizzling engines must do their work quietly--a key selling point for luxury cars--and must make good on the common 100,000-mile warranty. To meet such specs, automakers are paying top dollar for Krytox and dabbing key components with the Space Age oil. It's as if the world's awakening to the costs of friction, says DuPont's Senior Engineer Carl Walther. "The market's coming to us." Links Fighting friction isn't just for heavy industrial companies Few study friction with the passion of cyclists, who must pedal harder to make up for every bit of energy they lose to headwinds or clinking gears. Friction can divide winners from the pack. Lennard Zinn, technical writer for VeloNews, covers this science in his July 29 analysis of the Tour de France, focusing on American Levi Leipheimer. "From the side, the Discovery captain has a very smooth aerodynamic profile, and from the front, his arms are in very close as well. But it is from the front that his most glaring aerodynamic weakness is apparent, namely knees that stick out far wider than his arms do." Wind resistance increases with the rider's speed squared, so even a dangling chin strap can turn a fast-pedaling champ into a chump.  By Stephen Baker
BW MALL
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