Immigration Amid a Recession

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This series of BusinessWeek.com stories is designed to go beyond the Washington policy debate to look at the lives of immigrants—tech entrepreneurs, artists, and nurses—who are contributing to the U.S. economy even as it falters. Immigrants like those profiled tend to contribute positively to the U.S. economy, culture, and society. The series will tell the stories of real people caught in the middle of the debate over immigration, revealing the human drama behind the policy debate. We'll look at how hopes and dreams have clashed with reality. We'll also include a snapshot of the job market in each of their industries, which will provide a context for the broader employment situation.

Our aim in focusing on individual stories isn't to obscure the fierce policy debate over immigration. Advocates for immigrants point to studies like a 2007 report from the White House Council of Economic Advisers, which concluded that immigration as a whole increases the U.S. gross domestic product by about $37 billion each year. Immigrants increase the size of the total labor force, and that, by definition, has a positive impact on GDP. Immigrants also contribute purchasing power to the economy, which in turn creates additional jobs.

Globalization's Losers …

But immigration can also displace U.S. workers and dampen wages in certain industries and demographic groups. An April 2009 report written by Prasanna Tambe of New York University's Stern School of Business and Lorin Hitt of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania estimates that H-1B admissions at the current levels are associated with a 5% to 6% drop in wages for computer programmers and systems analysts over time. "In this paper, we simply sought to dispel the myth that globalization generates no losers. … Globalization does appear to have a negative wage effect on workers in some occupations," wrote Tambe and Hitt in the paper, which reflects the research findings by Harvard economist George Borjas. (Tambe and Hitt declined to comment on the paper until after the academic peer review process.)

Similarly, wages can be pushed down in certain low-skill jobs if the supply of workers rises significantly through immigration. And immigration can allow employers and government to avoid the hard work of improving the skills of the existing domestic workforce. "The more we are able to solve skills shortages by importing workers from other countries, the fewer incentives we have to improve the schooling and educational training opportunities for our domestic and more disadvantaged populations," says Gerald Jaynes, professor of economics Yale University. "In fact, there's almost no incentive."

… And Winners

Academics aren't in agreement on the issue. Amar Bhide, a professor of economics at Columbia University, calls studies like Tambe and Hitt's "junk science" propagated by "techno-nationalists." Bhide argues that immigrants have a negligible impact on wages. Instead, immigration performs a critical role in what he calls a "venturesome economy," in which immigrants most often complement native workers and add to the growth and dynamism of an economy.

Immigrants themselves may offer the strongest evidence of the positive effects. Take Jennifer Gould Keil, Canadian-born author of the nonfiction book Vodka, Tears, and Lenin's Angel, for example. Already an established writer, she obtained her visa in 2001 to stay in the U.S. to further develop her craft. Now a columnist for the New York Post—and a permanent resident since marrying her late husband, an American—Gould Keil says she is grateful for the opportunities afforded her, which in turn benefit the country. "[The visa] allowed me to come here, make a living, and contribute," she says. At the same time, "Immigration is a valuable source of brain power to the U.S.," she says. "Without it, the country wouldn't grow and prosper."

Herbst is a reporter for BusinessWeek in New York.

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