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For Big Oil, a Day of Reckoning

Posted by: Steve LeVine on December 28

Most of us are elated with gasoline prices, especially those driving to see relatives. We are down on the Chesapeake shore, and filled up the mini-van for $1.49 a gallon. But if you are a petro-state or an oil company, these aren’t happy times.

If you are in oil, you’ve probably got whiplash. Last summer, customers were paying you up to a whopping $147 a barrel for your oil, and though few except perhaps Arjun Murti over at Goldman Sachs thought those prices would stick around, it was equally so that almost no one expected to be paid as little as $32 a barrel just a few months later (and $36 last Friday). Russia, Venezuela, Iran and most of the rest of the oil producing states simply cannot balance their budgets.

But, focusing for now on oil companies big and small, matters are about to get worse. As others are pointing out, that will become clear in just a few days — on Dec. 31 to be precise. One might call it the day of reckoning. The Wall Street Journal’s Ben Casselman was ahead of the pack in writing about this.

But what these reports aren’t pointing out is that, if projections are anywhere near correct, this isn’t a one-year matter. The companies may be in for trouble for at least the next couple of years. (After alarming the skittish market in the summer by forecasting $200-a-barrel oil, Goldman Sachs is now predicting average $45-a-barrel oil next year. The World Bank expects an average of $75 a barrel oil over the next two years.)

Here’s why: It’s the price of oil on Dec. 31 that all oil companies — at least those that sell shares to the public — must use as a measuring stick of just just how much in the way of proven oil and gas reserves they own. The most important factor in this calibration is how much it costs a company to drill a barrel of oil in, say, Canada, or the Gulf of Mexico. If they cannot drill that barrel economically at $40 a barrel (presuming that’s about the price the day after tomorrow), it must be stricken from the books. Along with that number, the companies report their so-called “reserve replacement” — to what degree they managed to replenish the oil and natural gas they drilled during the year.

Those numbers must be reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission on a company’s 10-K statement. That’s where the trouble begins: When the companies go public with their reports in February and March, Wall Street will use the numbers to help calculate how much their share price is worth; and banks and venture capitalists will do the same to determine whether to lend to oil drillers in this tight financial environment, and if so at what interest rate.

Lee Fuller, vice president of government relations for the Independent Petroleum Association of America, says that credit is the key issue for the independent producers whom he represents. “To the degree you are getting credit, you are getting it [as a function of] your resource base,” Fuller said in an interview. When that base is much lower, he said, “you are vulnerable to someone coming in and taking you over.”

An Exxon spokesman said the company declines to comment. But credit isn’t going to be an issue for Exxon and most of the other Big Oil companies — Exxon for example has more than $36 billion in cash on hand. Rather, for the half-dozen mega-majors, the issue is going to be justifying their share price to Wall Street when a chief component of their asset base has dropped considerably.

Even for 2007 — when oil ended the year at about $95 a barrel — the struggle for some of the companies to replace reserves was already apparent. By the SEC rules, Exxon replaced just 76% of its reserves (though by its own internal methods it said it replaced 101%). Chevron replaced just 10%-15% of the oil and gas it drilled. BP said it replaced more than 100%.

But at $35 or $40 a barrel, those percentages are going to be far lower. Stay tuned for some news-spinning from Big Oil’s public relations arms in the coming weeks and months. The companies’ share prices have already been pummeled this year by Wall Street.

Some say that a focus on reserve reports is something for “unsavvy investors” and commentators — “the resources are still there for a price,” said this fellow calling others unsavvy.

That view is correct to a point — Dec. 31 is an arbitrary date to judge one’s reserves. But it’s a narrowly drawn view, concentrating only on the presence of fossil fuels in the ground. It ignores that oil and gas is becoming far harder and more expensive to drill; it’s situated in smaller and smaller reservoirs, requiring the drilling of more and more wells to produce the same volume of oil; and it’s largely controlled by petro-states that, even if low oil prices drive petro-states to be friendlier toward international oil companies, are still likely to demand far tougher terms than they did, say, in the 1990s.

In short, company reserves are becoming smaller, and the focus on reserves reporting is demonstrably relevant.

Some good news for the companies is that the SEC is going to change the reporting rule starting in 2010 — companies will be able to use an average of the annual price rather than the year-end price.

But that’s a slender reed of hope if trends and oil forecasts for an average $40-$60 a-barrel oil next year are accurate.

According to inflationdata.com, the average oil price in 2007 was $66.40; so far this year, it’s about $98. So that if the current trajectory holds, the price on which the companies will report their 2009 reserves will be relatively low, too.

Reader Comments

Oh God

December 30, 2008 04:30 AM

Oh God we are going to die!

Enzo

December 30, 2008 05:53 AM

Fellow Americans (who actually pay taxes and work hard for a living), the more the Wall Street and oil mafia try to pump prices up, the more you should cut back. It's time to use our power as consumer, since our vote doesn't count anymore. Let's bring all this mafia to their knees. Stop investing in the rigged stock market and cut back a lot in fuel consumption. The recent Israeli/Hamas conflict is nothing but a cheap attempt to raise oil prices. The shady group buy puts and then creates a conflict to cash in. Every company that got a bailout should be boycotted by you. You have the power in your wallet, since our government doesn't work for us any longer.

Del

December 30, 2008 08:17 AM

Nowhere to hide with 'mark to market' valuation rules whether in derivatives or in commodities like oil.

If that is how the cookie crumbles so be it.

Azeez

December 30, 2008 08:31 AM

It’s not that simple. The short term never portrays the long term in good light. On the one hand, provided there are no new conflicts in the world’s trade routes from 2009 thru 2011, the recession, the end of the Bush term and the Iraq war will reduce the risk premium and price of petroleum. Conversely, we still love our gas guzzlers! This month, the sale of SUVs exceeded the sale of small cars for the first time since February 2008. In 2008, high oil price reduced the demand for petroleum product. Demand shifts led to a downward spiral in price. In 2009 and 2010, low prices will reduce supply and increase demand. Increased demand in the face of reduced supply will eventually lead to higher prices. In the long term, the recession is not here to stay - it will bottom out someday. Have you seen the global population forecasts? Have you heard of the burgeoning consumerist culture in Asia and South America? Oil is a depleting resource with ever increasing utility and demand. For now, conservation is the exception, rather than the norm. I would love to predict oil prices for 2009 or 2010, but I’d rather keep my oily fingers crossed.

mark

December 30, 2008 09:53 AM

The run up on oil was a farce. A few months ago, there were ecologists, and oil "experts" showing charts and graphs on every news channel explaining how the world's oil supply had peaked, and we were just going to have to live with $4+ a gallon gas FOREVER. Now, it seems there is plenty of oil, oversupply in fact, and the experts are nowhere to be seen. Here's my prediction. What happened over the past two years will happen again. When you have any non-renewable commodity that the entire world thrives on, SOMEONE will figure out how to scare the world into thinking it's running out, and make a financial gain on that information. Wall Street commodity traders that made these dire forecasts on oil supply were also the ones trading oil...
Now is the time to pull this oil needle out of our arm, and move forward into alternative power sources. If we don't, the big oil companies, and oil producers will again figure out a way to jack up the price of oil yet again.

Business Week's Steve LeVine

December 30, 2008 10:05 AM

As Azeez suggests, there are signs here are there of a springing back of the demand rubber band, and I wonder when we will see more. We know now that $4-a-gallon gasoline was the inflection point at which motorists seriously cut back driving. So what is the other-end inflection point -- at what price on the low end do motorists return to their serious gas guzzling? For those like me who witnessed the gas lines and frenzy of the 1970s oil crisis, one can be forgiven for skepticism as to whether Americans have learned their lesson and cut consumption permanently.

mike

December 30, 2008 10:54 AM

If big oil, and speculators, hadn't pushed prices so artifically high, they wouldn't be crying now. They cut their own throat, and think we should feel sorry for them now. What a joke.

EDrews

December 30, 2008 11:19 AM

It appears folks are not paying attention. It is pretty clear that the significant cutback on usage (demand) drove the prices of oil (and its refined products) down. However, with the drop in prices, observation indicates that conservation is no longer the most important item. Witness the increased speeds at which a larger and larger majority of drivers are driving.

Folks are also not reading some of the significant comments made by oil company higher-ups. More than one indicated that one of the primary selection criteria for choosing a project to develop is the price of oil at which the project will be profitable. The projects deemed profitable at oil prices in excess of $100 per barrel were taken out of consideration becaue oil companies were more concerned about LOW oil prices, not high oil prices.

If one does their homework, and takes the financials apart, one can see that the profit per barrel of oil, or per gallon of gasoline, when expressed as a percentage of the underlying futures price, was better when the oil price was LOW (circa 2001), rather than when it was high (circa July 2008).

Alternative energy is a nice idea, but using the analogy of building a house, you can't build the second floor of a house without a solid foundation, and a solid first floor. Some simple examples make this clear:

1 - A sizeable majority of the vehicles sold in the US are not flex-fuel capable, and there is no requirement, or pending requirement, for automakers to produce such vehicles.
2 - Plug-in hybrids are nice, but the power grid in the US may very well not be capable of handling 250,000 plug-in hybrids during a 14-day heat wave. If you work for me, you better charge your plug-in hybrid rather than your air conditioner during that heat wave.
3 - The distribution infrastructure for alternative fuel (liquid-ethanol or gas-hydrogen), is not in place nation-wide. To that end, E85 gasoline is simply not available in large areas of the country, even if one could purchase a vehicle that could use it.
4 - Solar power is a nice idea, but if one has to cut down trees to have solar power, the 'green-ness' of the solar power is partially, or completely, offset. The cost of reasonably simple home solar power generation is out of reach to the average American.
5 - Until you can take coal/natural gas/oil fired power plants off line PERMANENTLY, alternative generation methods are a footnote to overall power demand.

If you want to make a difference, drive like gasoline was still $4+ per gallon. Use lights like power costs four times what it costs today, and use heating resources like they too costs four times what they cost today.

Chris Smith

December 30, 2008 01:00 PM

There's a natural tendency toward equilibrium: if apparent reserve replacement goes down, then prices will rise. This will increase apparent reserve replacement next year. And so it goes.

Another rash of hype from the media, whose job it is to invent stories.

Tampa Bob

December 30, 2008 03:33 PM

I think the key statement in the article is that "Russia, Venezuela, Iran and most of the rest of the oil producing states simply cannot balance their budgets."

Like politicians everywhere they tend to spend much more than they make in revenue. When the froecast looks good for continued $147 a barell oil, they spent like it was a given thing. Now they can't seem to balance their budgets. As a result, cuting back their production will not help because the need the money now. therefore they will stab each other in the back and cheat on production (like the saudi's alwys do) in order to sell more to get the revenue they need.

What disturbs me is the fact that SUV sales have increased now that the price of gas has gone down. How soon we foreget. If anything contributes to rising gas prices it will be increased demand by morons driving tanks around the block to pick up a loaf of bread or a six pack of beer. EDNews is right--we need to conserve like we did last summer and whenever the price starts to go up we need to cut back even more. consumers control our own destiny--except for government imposed taxes.

kuei

December 30, 2008 03:47 PM

"Stop investing in the rigged stock market"

Rigged is RIGHT! The stock market is out of control. The government is conspiring with big businesses to rob you blind. There are no more controls or safeguards in the market anymore. Look what has been happening. Greed is runnning out of control and if you invest in this market you will lose. Pay attention people. The facts are there. Wake up! How does one man walk away with $50 billion of investors hard earned money? He didn't do it alone. He will get a slap on the wrists and be able to keep the money. Wake UP!

Sam

December 30, 2008 08:08 PM

Don't worry, these big oil companies stashed away a lot of cash during those high prices of oil. Even @ $40 per barrel now, these oil titans still make profits-- if not $20 billions per quarter but might be around $5-$7 billions.

Tim

December 30, 2008 08:23 PM

I've been riding a motorcycle for about two thirds of all my road miles for the past 31 years. All this hysteria about the price of oil and gas could be ended permanently if only about 15% of Americans chose the joy of motorcycling instead of the dreariness of commuting in a tin can.

Honda Insight

December 31, 2008 02:43 AM

Article is waste of typing, hosting and reading - in sum, the writer estimates - based on the Big Oil estimates - that the banks may or may not loan Big Oil money? Does anybody think Big Oil is in trouble? Really. Still looking for news that means something and conserving.

Clifford J. Wirth, Ph.D.

January 1, 2009 11:28 AM

Dear Friends,

Although you will not read/hear about it for some years in the media, the top story of the year is that global crude oil production peaked in 2008.

The media, governments, world leaders, and public should focus on this issue.

Global crude oil production had been rising briskly until 2004, then plateaued for four years. Because oil producers were extracting at maximum effort to profit from high oil prices, this plateau is a clear indication of Peak Oil.

Then in July and August of 2008 while oil prices were still very high, global crude oil production fell nearly one million barrels per day, clear evidence of Peak Oil (See Rembrandt Koppelaar, Editor of "Oil Watch Monthly," December 2008, page 1) http://www.peakoil.nl/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/2008_december_oilwatch_monthly.pdf. Peak Oil is now.

Credit for accurate Peak Oil predictions (within a few years) goes to the following (projected year for peak given in parentheses):

* Association for the Study of Peak Oil (2007)

* Rembrandt Koppelaar, Editor of “Oil Watch Monthly” (2008)

* Tony Eriksen, Oil stock analyst and Samuel Foucher, oil analyst (2008)

* Matthew Simmons, Energy investment banker, (2007)

* T. Boone Pickens, Oil and gas investor (2007)

* U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2005)

* Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Princeton professor and retired shell geologist (2005)

* Sam Sam Bakhtiari, Retired Iranian National Oil Company geologist (2005)

* Chris Skrebowski, Editor of “Petroleum Review” (2010)

* Sadad Al Husseini, former head of production and exploration, Saudi Aramco (2008)

* Energy Watch Group in Germany (2006)

Oil production will now begin to decline terminally.

Within a year or two, it is likely that oil prices will skyrocket as supply falls below demand. OPEC cuts could exacerbate the gap between supply and demand and drive prices even higher.

Independent studies indicate that global crude oil production will now decline from 74 million barrels per day to 60 million barrels per day by 2015. During the same time, demand will increase. Oil supplies will be even tighter for the U.S. As oil producing nations consume more and more oil domestically they will export less and less. Because demand is high in China, India, the Middle East, and other oil producing nations, once global oil production begins to decline, demand will always be higher than supply. And since the U.S. represents one fourth of global oil demand, whatever oil we conserve will be consumed elsewhere. Thus, conservation in the U.S. will not slow oil depletion rates significantly.

Alternatives will not even begin to fill the gap. There is no plan nor capital for a so-called electric economy. And most alternatives yield electric power, but we need liquid fuels for tractors/combines, 18 wheel trucks, trains, ships, and mining equipment. The independent scientists of the Energy Watch Group conclude in a 2007 report titled: “Peak Oil Could Trigger Meltdown of Society:”

"By 2020, and even more by 2030, global oil supply will be dramatically lower. This will create a supply gap which can hardly be closed by growing contributions from other fossil, nuclear or alternative energy sources in this time frame."

With increasing costs for gasoline and diesel, along with declining taxes and declining gasoline tax revenues, states and local governments will eventually have to cut staff and curtail highway maintenance. Eventually, gasoline stations will close, and state and local highway workers won’t be able to get to work. We are facing the collapse of the highways that depend on diesel and gasoline powered trucks for bridge maintenance, culvert cleaning to avoid road washouts, snow plowing, and roadbed and surface repair. When the highways fail, so will the power grid, as highways carry the parts, large transformers, steel for pylons, and high tension cables from great distances. With the highways out, there will be no food coming from far away, and without the power grid virtually nothing modern works, including home heating, pumping of gasoline and diesel, airports, communications, and automated building systems.

It is time to focus on Peak Oil preparation and surviving Peak Oil.
http://survivingpeakoil.blogspot.com/
http://www.peakoilassociates.com/POAnalysis.html

Jules

January 1, 2009 05:00 PM

Wildly fluctuating oil prices are real but artificial at the same time. The price will oscillate around its production value.
.
Easy housing credit led to melt down and tight credit. This will loosen soon.
.
A US trade deficit means getting somthing for nothing - until the value of the dollar drops. Then, really hang on to your pants.

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About

Steve LeVine covers foreign affairs for BusinessWeek. He previously was correspondent for Central Asia and the Caucasus for The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times for 11 years. His first book, The Oil and the Glory , a history of the former Soviet Union through the lens of oil, was published in October 2007. Putin’s Labyrinth, his latest book, profiles Russia through the lives and deaths of six Russians.

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